1. Hetuṃ dhammaṃ paṭicca hetu dhammo uppajjati hetupaccayā – alobhaṃ paṭicca adoso amoho, adosaṃ paṭicca alobho amoho, amohaṃ paṭicca alobho adoso, lobhaṃ paṭicca moho, mohaṃ paṭicca lobho, dosaṃ paṭicca moho, mohaṃ paṭicca doso; paṭisandhikkhaṇe…pe….(1)1. A root phenomenon arises conditioned by a root phenomenon through root condition: non-greed conditioned by non-hatred and non-delusion; non-hatred conditioned by non-greed and non-delusion; non-delusion conditioned by non-greed and non-hatred; greed conditioned by delusion; delusion conditioned by greed; hatred conditioned by delusion; delusion conditioned by hatred; at the moment of rebirth-linking…etc….(1)1. Do duyên với pháp là nhân, pháp là nhân sanh khởi do duyên nhân – do duyên với vô tham, vô sân và vô si sanh khởi; do duyên với vô sân, vô tham và vô si sanh khởi; do duyên với vô si, vô tham và vô sân sanh khởi; do duyên với tham, si sanh khởi; do duyên với si, tham sanh khởi; do duyên với sân, si sanh khởi; do duyên với si, sân sanh khởi; trong sát-na tái tục… vân vân….(1)2. Nahetuṃ dhammaṃ paṭicca nahetu dhammo uppajjati hetupaccayā – nahetuṃ ekaṃ khandhaṃ paṭicca tayo khandhā cittasamuṭṭhānañca rūpaṃ…pe… dve khandhe paṭicca dve khandhā cittasamuṭṭhānañca rūpaṃ; paṭisandhikkhaṇe…pe… khandhe paṭicca vatthu, vatthuṃ paṭicca khandhā; ekaṃ mahābhūtaṃ…pe….(1)2. A non-root phenomenon arises conditioned by a non-root phenomenon through root condition: three aggregates and mind-originated matter conditioned by one non-root aggregate…etc… two aggregates and mind-originated matter conditioned by two aggregates; at the moment of rebirth-linking…etc… the base conditioned by aggregates; aggregates conditioned by the base; one great primary element…etc….(1)2. Do duyên với pháp không là nhân, pháp không là nhân sanh khởi do duyên nhân – do duyên với một uẩn không là nhân, ba uẩn và sắc do tâm sanh khởi… vân vân… do duyên với hai uẩn, hai uẩn và sắc do tâm sanh khởi; trong sát-na tái tục… vân vân… do duyên với các uẩn, vật sanh khởi; do duyên với vật, các uẩn sanh khởi; do duyên với một đại chủng… vân vân….(1)3. Hetuñca nahetuñca dhammaṃ paṭicca hetu dhammo uppajjati hetupaccayā – alobhañca sampayuttake ca khandhe paṭicca adoso amoho (cakkaṃ).3. A root phenomenon arises conditioned by a root and non-root phenomenon through root condition: non-hatred and non-delusion conditioned by non-greed and the associated mental aggregates (cycle).3. Do duyên với pháp là nhân và pháp không là nhân, pháp là nhân sanh khởi do duyên nhân – do duyên với vô tham và các uẩn tương ưng, vô sân và vô si sanh khởi (luân chuyển).4. Hetuṃ dhammaṃ paṭicca hetu dhammo uppajjati ārammaṇapaccayā (rūpaṃ chaḍḍetvā arūpeyeva nava pañhā)… adhipatipaccayā (paṭisandhi natthi, paripuṇṇaṃ) ekaṃ mahābhūtaṃ paṭicca…pe… mahābhūte paṭicca cittasamuṭṭhānaṃ rūpaṃ upādārūpaṃ… (imaṃ nānaṃ) anantarapaccayā… samanantarapaccayā… sahajātapaccayā (sabbe mahābhūtā yāva asaññasattā)… aññamaññapaccayā… nissayapaccayā… upanissayapaccayā… purejātapaccayā… āsevanapaccayā (dvīsupi paṭisandhi natthi)… kammapaccayā… vipākapaccayā (saṃkhittaṃ)… avigatapaccayā.4. A root phenomenon arises conditioned by a root phenomenon through object condition (nine problems in non-material existence only, excluding matter)… through predominance condition (no rebirth-linking, complete) one great primary element conditioned by…etc… mind-originated matter and derivative matter conditioned by great primary elements… (this variety) through immediate condition… through contiguous condition… through co-nascence condition (all great primary elements up to non-percipient beings)… through mutuality condition… through support condition… through decisive support condition… through pre-nascence condition… through reiteration condition (no rebirth-linking in either)… through kamma condition… through resultant condition (abridged)… through non-disappearance condition.4. Do duyên với pháp là nhân, pháp là nhân sanh khởi do duyên trưởng (trừ sắc, chỉ trong vô sắc có chín câu hỏi)… do duyên adhipati (không có tái tục, đầy đủ) do duyên với một đại chủng… vân vân… do duyên với các đại chủng, sắc do tâm sanh, sắc y sinh… (đây là sự khác biệt) do duyên vô gián… do duyên đẳng vô gián… do duyên câu sanh (tất cả các đại chủng cho đến chúng sanh vô tưởng)… do duyên tương hỗ… do duyên y chỉ… do duyên cận y… do duyên tiền sanh… do duyên tập hành (trong cả hai đều không có tái tục)… do duyên nghiệp… do duyên dị thục (tóm tắt)… do duyên bất ly.5. Hetuyā nava, ārammaṇe nava (sabbattha nava), avigate nava (evaṃ gaṇetabbaṃ).5. Nine in root, nine in object (nine in all), nine in non-disappearance (thus it should be counted).5. Trong duyên nhân có chín, trong duyên trưởng có chín (khắp nơi có chín), trong duyên bất ly có chín (nên đếm như vậy).6. Nahetuṃ dhammaṃ paṭicca nahetu dhammo uppajjati nahetupaccayā – ahetukaṃ nahetuṃ ekaṃ khandhaṃ paṭicca tayo khandhā cittasamuṭṭhānañca rūpaṃ…pe… dve khandhe…pe… ahetukapaṭisandhikkhaṇe…pe… khandhe paṭicca vatthu, vatthuṃ paṭicca khandhā; ekaṃ mahābhūtaṃ…pe… bāhiraṃ… āhārasamuṭṭhānaṃ… utusamuṭṭhānaṃ… asaññasattānaṃ…pe….(1)6. A non-root phenomenon arises conditioned by a non-root phenomenon through non-root condition: three aggregates and mind-originated matter conditioned by one rootless non-root aggregate…etc… two aggregates…etc… at the moment of rootless rebirth-linking…etc… the base conditioned by aggregates; aggregates conditioned by the base; one great primary element…etc… external… food-originated… temperature-originated… of non-percipient beings…etc….(1)6. Do duyên với pháp không là nhân, pháp không là nhân sanh khởi do duyên vô nhân – do duyên với một uẩn vô nhân không là nhân, ba uẩn và sắc do tâm sanh khởi… vân vân… hai uẩn… vân vân… trong sát-na tái tục vô nhân… vân vân… do duyên với các uẩn, vật sanh khởi; do duyên với vật, các uẩn sanh khởi; do duyên với một đại chủng… vân vân… bên ngoài… do vật thực sanh… do thời tiết sanh… của chúng sanh vô tưởng… vân vân….(1)7. Hetuṃ dhammaṃ paṭicca nahetu dhammo uppajjati naārammaṇapaccayā – hetuṃ paṭicca cittasamuṭṭhānaṃ rūpaṃ; paṭisandhikkhaṇe…pe….(1)7. A non-root phenomenon arises conditioned by a root phenomenon through non-object condition: mind-originated matter conditioned by a root; at the moment of rebirth-linking…etc….(1)7. Do duyên với pháp là nhân, pháp không là nhân sanh khởi do duyên vô trưởng – do duyên với nhân, sắc do tâm sanh khởi; trong sát-na tái tục… vân vân….(1)8. Hetuṃ dhammaṃ paṭicca hetu dhammo uppajjati napurejātapaccayā – arūpe alobhaṃ paṭicca adoso amoho (cakkaṃ).8. A root phenomenon arises conditioned by a root phenomenon through non-pre-nascence condition: non-hatred, non-delusion conditioned by non-greed in non-material existence (cycle).8. Do duyên với pháp là nhân, pháp là nhân sanh khởi do duyên vô tiền sanh – trong cõi vô sắc, do duyên với vô tham, vô sân và vô si sanh khởi (luân chuyển).9. Nahetuṃ dhammaṃ paṭicca nahetu dhammo uppajjati napurejātapaccayā – arūpe nahetuṃ ekaṃ khandhaṃ paṭicca tayo khandhā…pe… nahetū khandhe paṭicca cittasamuṭṭhānaṃ rūpaṃ; paṭisandhikkhaṇe…pe… ekaṃ mahābhūtaṃ…pe….(1)9. Conditioned by a non-root phenomenon, a non-root phenomenon arises by non-pre-nascent condition – in the immaterial realm, conditioned by one non-root aggregate, three aggregates…etc…conditioned by non-root aggregates, mind-produced form; at the moment of rebirth-linking…etc…one great element…etc….(1)10. Hetuñca nahetuñca dhammaṃ paṭicca hetu dhammo uppajjati napurejātapaccayā – arūpe alobhañca sampayuttake ca khandhe paṭicca adoso amoho (cakkaṃ).10. Conditioned by a root phenomenon and a non-root phenomenon, a root phenomenon arises by non-pre-nascent condition – in the immaterial realm, conditioned by non-greed and associated aggregates, non-hatred and non-delusion (cycle).11. Hetuṃ dhammaṃ paṭicca hetu dhammo uppajjati napacchājātapaccayā… naāsevanapaccayā.11. Conditioned by a root phenomenon, a root phenomenon arises by non-post-nascent condition… by non-repetition condition.12. Hetuṃ dhammaṃ paṭicca nahetu dhammo uppajjati nakammapaccayā – hetuṃ paṭicca sampayuttakā cetanā.(1)12. Conditioned by a root phenomenon, a non-root phenomenon arises by non-kamma condition – conditioned by a root, associated volition.(1)13. Nahetuṃ dhammaṃ paṭicca nahetu dhammo uppajjati naāhārapaccayā – bāhiraṃ… utusamuṭṭhānaṃ… asaññasattānaṃ…pe… naindriyapaccayā – bāhiraṃ… āhārasamuṭṭhānaṃ … utusamuṭṭhānaṃ…pe… asaññasattānaṃ mahābhūte paṭicca rūpajīvitindriyaṃ, najhānapaccayā – pañcaviññāṇaṃ …pe… bāhiraṃ… āhārasamuṭṭhānaṃ… utusamuṭṭhānaṃ… asaññasattānaṃ…pe… namaggapaccayā – ahetukaṃ nahetuṃ ekaṃ khandhaṃ paṭicca…pe… bāhiraṃ… āhārasamuṭṭhānaṃ… utusamuṭṭhānaṃ… asaññasattānaṃ…pe… nasampayuttapaccayā… navippayuttapaccayā… (napurejātasadisaṃ, arūpapañhāyeva) nonatthipaccayā… novigatapaccayā.13. Conditioned by a non-root phenomenon, a non-root phenomenon arises by non-nutriment condition – external…climate-produced…in the non-percipient beings…etc…by non-faculty condition – external…food-produced…climate-produced…etc…in the non-percipient beings, conditioned by great elements, the life-faculty of form; by non-jhāna condition – five-fold consciousness…etc…external…food-produced…climate-produced…in the non-percipient beings…etc…by non-path condition – conditioned by one non-root aggregate which is rootless…etc…external…food-produced…climate-produced…in the non-percipient beings…etc…by non-association condition…by non-dissociation condition… (similar to non-pre-nascent, only the immaterial realm section) by non-absence condition…by non-disappearance condition.14. Nahetuyā dve, naārammaṇe tīṇi, naadhipatiyā nava, naanantare tīṇi, nasamanantare tīṇi, naaññamaññe tīṇi, naupanissaye tīṇi, napurejāte nava, napacchājāte nava, naāsevane nava, nakamme tīṇi, navipāke nava, naāhāre ekaṃ, naindriye ekaṃ, najhāne ekaṃ, namagge ekaṃ, nasampayutte tīṇi, navippayutte nava, nonatthiyā tīṇi, novigate tīṇi (evaṃ gaṇetabbaṃ).14. In non-root, two; in non-object, three; in non-dominance, nine; in non-immediacy, three; in non-continguity, three; in non-mutuality, three; in non-strong-dependence, three; in non-pre-nascent, nine; in non-post-nascent, nine; in non-repetition, nine; in non-kamma, three; in non-resultant, nine; in non-nutriment, one; in non-faculty, one; in non-jhāna, one; in non-path, one; in non-association, three; in non-dissociation, nine; in non-absence, three; in non-disappearance, three (thus it should be counted).15. Hetupaccayā naārammaṇe tīṇi, naadhipatiyā nava, naanantare tīṇi…pe… naupanissaye tīṇi, napurejāte nava, napacchājāte nava, naāsevane nava, nakamme tīṇi, navipāke nava, nasampayutte tīṇi, navippayutte nava, nonatthiyā tīṇi, novigate tīṇi.15. Root condition: in non-object, three; in non-dominance, nine; in non-immediacy, three…etc…in non-strong-dependence, three; in non-pre-nascent, nine; in non-post-nascent, nine; in non-repetition, nine; in non-kamma, three; in non-resultant, nine; in non-association, three; in non-dissociation, nine; in non-absence, three; in non-disappearance, three.16. Nahetupaccayā ārammaṇe dve, anantare dve…pe… kamme dve, vipāke ekaṃ, āhāre dve, indriye dve, jhāne dve, magge ekaṃ, sampayutte dve…pe… avigate dve.16. Non-root condition: in object, two; in immediacy, two…etc…in kamma, two; in resultant, one; in nutriment, two; in faculty, two; in jhāna, two; in path, one; in association, two…etc…in non-disappearance, two.17. Hetu dhammo hetussa dhammassa hetupaccayena paccayo – alobho adosassa amohassa hetupaccayena paccayo (cakkaṃ).17. A root phenomenon is a condition by root condition for a root phenomenon – non-greed is a condition by root condition for non-hatred and non-delusion (cycle).18. Hetu dhammo hetussa dhammassa ārammaṇapaccayena paccayo – hetuṃ ārabbha hetū uppajjanti.(1)18. A root phenomenon is a condition by object condition for a root phenomenon – taking a root as object, roots arise.(1)19. Nahetu dhammo nahetussa dhammassa ārammaṇapaccayena paccayo – dānaṃ datvā sīlaṃ…pe… uposathakammaṃ katvā taṃ paccavekkhati, pubbe suciṇṇāni paccavekkhati.19. A non-condition-state (nahetu dhamma) is a condition by way of object (ārammaṇa paccaya) for a non-condition-state (nahetu dhamma) – having given alms, observed morality… (and so on)… having performed the Uposatha ceremony, one reviews it; one reviews previously well-performed actions.19. Pháp không phải nhân là duyên cho pháp không phải nhân theo duyên cảnh – sau khi bố thí, trì giới... vân vân... thực hành uposatha, vị ấy phản khán lại điều đó, phản khán lại những điều đã khéo làm trước đây.20. Hetu ca nahetu ca dhammā hetussa dhammassa ārammaṇapaccayena paccayo – hetuñca sampayuttake ca khandhe ārabbha hetū uppajjanti.(1)20. Condition-states (hetu dhammā) and non-condition-states (nahetu dhammā) are a condition by way of object (ārammaṇa paccaya) for a condition-state (hetu dhamma) – by taking conditions (hetu) and co-arisen aggregates (sampayuttaka khandhā) as object, conditions (hetu) arise.(1)20. Pháp nhân và pháp không phải nhân là duyên cho pháp nhân theo duyên cảnh – do bắt cảnh nhân và các uẩn tương ưng, các nhân sanh khởi. (1)21. Hetu dhammo hetussa dhammassa adhipatipaccayena paccayo – ārammaṇādhipati, sahajātādhipati.21. A condition-state (hetu dhamma) is a condition for a condition-state (hetu dhamma) by way of predominance (adhipati paccaya) – predominance of object (ārammaṇādhipati), predominance of conascence (sahajātādhipati).21. Pháp nhân là duyên cho pháp nhân theo duyên trưởng – cảnh trưởng, câu sanh trưởng.22. Nahetu dhammo nahetussa dhammassa adhipatipaccayena paccayo – ārammaṇādhipati, sahajātādhipati.22. A non-condition-state (nahetu dhamma) is a condition for a non-condition-state (nahetu dhamma) by way of predominance (adhipati paccaya) – predominance of object (ārammaṇādhipati), predominance of conascence (sahajātādhipati).22. Pháp không phải nhân là duyên cho pháp không phải nhân theo duyên trưởng – cảnh trưởng, câu sanh trưởng.23. Hetu ca nahetu ca dhammā hetussa dhammassa adhipatipaccayena paccayo.23. Condition-states (hetu dhammā) and non-condition-states (nahetu dhammā) are a condition for a condition-state (hetu dhamma) by way of predominance (adhipati paccaya).23. Pháp nhân và pháp không phải nhân là duyên cho pháp nhân theo duyên trưởng.24. Hetu dhammo hetussa dhammassa anantarapaccayena paccayo – purimā purimā hetū pacchimānaṃ pacchimānaṃ hetūnaṃ anantarapaccayena paccayo.(1)24. A condition-state (hetu dhamma) is a condition for a condition-state (hetu dhamma) by way of contiguity (anantara paccaya) – previous previous conditions (hetu) are a condition for subsequent subsequent conditions (hetu) by way of contiguity.(1)24. Pháp nhân là duyên cho pháp nhân theo duyên vô gián – các nhân trước trước là duyên cho các nhân sau sau theo duyên vô gián. (1)25. Nahetu dhammo nahetussa dhammassa anantarapaccayena paccayo – purimā purimā nahetū khandhā pacchimānaṃ pacchimānaṃ nahetūnaṃ khandhānaṃ anantarapaccayena paccayo; anulomaṃ gotrabhussa (saṃkhittaṃ) nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ phalasamāpattiyā anantarapaccayena paccayo.(1)25. Unwholesome (nahetu) phenomena are a condition by way of immediate contiguity for unwholesome (nahetu) phenomena: earlier unwholesome aggregates are a condition by way of immediate contiguity for later unwholesome aggregates; adaptation (anuloma) is a condition by way of immediate contiguity for gotrabhū; the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception is a condition by way of immediate contiguity for the attainment of fruition.(1)26. Hetū ca nahetū ca dhammā hetussa dhammassa anantarapaccayena paccayo – purimā purimā hetū ca sampayuttakā ca khandhā pacchimānaṃ pacchimānaṃ hetūnaṃ anantarapaccayena paccayo.(1)26. Wholesome (hetu) and unwholesome (nahetu) phenomena are a condition by way of immediate contiguity for wholesome (hetu) phenomena: earlier wholesome and associated aggregates are a condition by way of immediate contiguity for later wholesome phenomena.(1)27. Hetu dhammo hetussa dhammassa samanantarapaccayena paccayo (anantarasadisaṃ.)… Sahajātapaccayena paccayo… aññamaññapaccayena paccayo (ime dvepi paṭiccasadisā. Nissayapaccayo paccayavāre nissayapaccayasadiso.)27. Wholesome (hetu) phenomena are a condition by way of immediate contiguity (samanantarapaccaya) for wholesome (hetu) phenomena (similar to Anantarapaccaya.)… are a condition by way of co-nascence… are a condition by way of mutuality (these two are similar to Paṭiccasamuppāda. Nissayapaccaya is similar to Nissayapaccaya in the Paccayavāra.)28. Hetu dhammo hetussa dhammassa upanissayapaccayena paccayo – ārammaṇūpanissayo, anantarūpanissayo, pakatūpanissayo…pe….28. Wholesome (hetu) phenomena are a condition by way of decisive support for wholesome (hetu) phenomena: decisive support by way of object, decisive support by way of immediate contiguity, decisive support by way of natural condition…etc….29. Nahetu dhammo nahetussa dhammassa upanissayapaccayena paccayo – ārammaṇūpanissayo, anantarūpanissayo, pakatūpanissayo…pe… pakatūpanissayo – saddhaṃ upanissāya dānaṃ deti…pe… samāpattiṃ uppādeti…pe… diṭṭhiṃ gaṇhāti; sīlaṃ…pe… senāsanaṃ upanissāya dānaṃ deti…pe… saṅghaṃ bhindati; saddhā…pe… senāsanaṃ saddhāya…pe… phalasamāpattiyā upanissayapaccayena paccayo.(1)29. Unwholesome (nahetu) phenomena are a condition by way of decisive support for unwholesome (nahetu) phenomena: decisive support by way of object, decisive support by way of immediate contiguity, decisive support by way of natural condition…etc… decisive support by way of natural condition: relying on faith, one gives gifts…etc… generates attainment…etc… adopts a wrong view; virtue…etc… relying on a dwelling, one gives gifts…etc… splits the Saṅgha; faith…etc… dwelling is a condition by way of decisive support for faith…etc… for the attainment of fruition.(1)30. Hetū ca nahetū ca dhammā hetussa dhammassa upanissayapaccayena paccayo – ārammaṇūpanissayo, anantarūpanissayo, pakatūpanissayo…pe….30. Wholesome (hetu) and unwholesome (nahetu) phenomena are a condition by way of decisive support for wholesome (hetu) phenomena: decisive support by way of object, decisive support by way of immediate contiguity, decisive support by way of natural condition…etc….31. Nahetu dhammo nahetussa dhammassa purejātapaccayena paccayo – ārammaṇapurejātaṃ, vatthupurejātaṃ.31. Unwholesome (nahetu) phenomena are a condition by way of pre-nascence for unwholesome (nahetu) phenomena: pre-nascence of object, pre-nascence of base.32. Hetu dhammo nahetussa dhammassa pacchājātapaccayena paccayo – pacchājātā hetū purejātassa imassa kāyassa pacchājātapaccayena paccayo.(1)32. Wholesome (hetu) phenomena are a condition by way of post-nascence for unwholesome (nahetu) phenomena: post-nascent wholesome phenomena are a condition by way of post-nascence for this pre-nascent body.(1)33. Nahetu dhammo nahetussa dhammassa kammapaccayena paccayo – sahajātā, nānākkhaṇikā.33. A non-condition is a cause for a non-condition by way of karma condition – co-existent, dissimilar moment.34. Hetu dhammo hetussa dhammassa vipākapaccayena paccayo – vipāko alobho adosassa amohassa vipākapaccayena paccayo (paṭiccavārasadisaṃ. Vipākavibhaṅge nava pañhā).34. A condition is a cause for a condition by way of resultant condition – non-greed, being a result, is a cause for non-hatred and non-delusion by way of resultant condition (similar to paṭicca-vāra. Nine questions in the Resultant Analysis).35. Nahetu dhammo nahetussa dhammassa āhārapaccayena paccayo – nahetū āhārā sampayuttakānaṃ khandhānaṃ cittasamuṭṭhānānañca rūpānaṃ āhārapaccayena paccayo; paṭisandhikkhaṇe…pe… kabaḷīkāro āhāro imassa kāyassa āhārapaccayena paccayo.(1)35. A non-condition is a cause for a non-condition by way of nutritive condition – non-condition nutriments are causes for associated aggregates and mind-originated material phenomena by way of nutritive condition; at the moment of rebirth-linking…etc… edible food is a cause for this body by way of nutritive condition.36. Hetu dhammo hetussa dhammassa indriyapaccayena paccayo…pe… (hetumūlake tīṇi).36. A condition is a cause for a condition by way of faculty condition…etc. (three in the hetu-root section).37. Nahetu dhammo nahetussa dhammassa jhānapaccayena paccayo… tīṇi.37. A non-condition is a cause for a non-condition by way of jhāna condition… three.38. Hetu dhammo nahetussa dhammassa vippayuttapaccayena paccayo – sahajātaṃ, pacchājātaṃ.38. A condition is a cause for a non-condition by way of disassociation condition – co-existent, post-arisen.39. Hetu dhammo hetussa dhammassa atthipaccayena paccayo – alobho adosassa amohassa atthipaccayena paccayo (cakkaṃ).39. A condition is a cause for a condition by way of presence condition – non-greed is a cause for non-hatred and non-delusion by way of presence condition (cycle).40. Nahetu dhammo nahetussa dhammassa atthipaccayena paccayo – sahajātaṃ, purejātaṃ, pacchājātaṃ, āhāraṃ, indriyaṃ.40. A non-root condition is a condition for a non-root condition by way of presence – conascence, pre-existence, post-existence, nutriment, faculty.41. Hetu ca nahetu ca dhammā hetussa dhammassa atthipaccayena paccayo – sahajātaṃ, purejātaṃ.41. Root conditions and non-root conditions are a condition for a root condition by way of presence – conascence, pre-existence.